http://news.menshealth.com/eat-this-today-feel-happier-tomorrow/2013/02/08/
http://www.consumer.org.nz/reports/supermarket-sales-tactics/our-advice
http://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago041054.html
http://www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/food-amp-mood
Tamlin Connor:
OBJECTIVES: Prior research has focused on the association between negative affect and eating behaviour, often utilizing laboratory or cross-sectional study designs. These studies have inherent limitations, and the association between positive affect and eating behaviour remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the bidirectional relationships between daily negative and positive affective experiences and food consumption in a naturalistic setting among healthy young adults. DESIGN: Daily diary study across 21 days (microlongitudinal, correlational design). METHODS: A total of 281 young adults with a mean age of 19.9 (±1.2) years completed an Internet-based daily diary for 21 consecutive days. Each day they reported their negative and positive affect, and their consumption of five specific foods. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to test same-day associations between daily affect and food consumption, and next-day (lagged) associations to determine directionality. Moderating effects of BMI and gender were also examined in exploratory analyses. RESULTS: Analyses of same-day within-person associations revealed that on days when young adults experienced greater positive affect, they reported eating more servings of fruit (p = .002) and vegetables (p < .001). Results of lagged analysis showed that fruits and vegetables predicted improvements in positive affect the next day, suggesting that healthy foods were driving affective experiences and not vice versa. Meaningful changes in positive affect were observed with the daily consumption of approximately 7-8 servings of fruit or vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Eating fruit and vegetables may promote emotional well-being among healthy young adults. STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION: What is already known on this subject? Laboratory and cross-sectional studies have found a strong link between experiences of negative affect and food consumption. These studies generally show that people eat more food and less healthy food when experiencing negative affect; however, there is less evidence of this association in a natural setting. Moreover, the association between positive affect and eating remains relatively unexplored. Some studies have found stronger links between negative affect and unhealthy food consumption among women and individuals with higher BMI. Conversely, the foods people eat may influence their affective experiences. Cross-sectional research has shown that a diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower lifetime prevalence of depression and anxiety, but it is not known whether healthy food consumption may also influence affective experiences on a day-to-day basis. What does this study add? Using online daily diaries for three weeks, we found strong relationships between daily positive affect and fruit and vegetable consumption. Lagged analyses showed that fruit and vegetable consumption predicted improvements in positive affect the next day, and not vice versa. Gender and BMI were not major factors in these associations. Fruit and vegetable consumption may promote feelings of well-being among healthy young adults.© 2013 The British Psychological Society.
Fruit & Vege Perception
http://news.health.com/2012/11/30/serving-vegetables-makes-you-more-thoughtful-less-boring/
These two studies show new hedonic and heroic motivations for serving vegetables: (i) they increase the hedonic appeal of the meal and (ii) they increase the heroic appeal of the cook. More vegetables are likely to be served with a meal if preparers know that the addition of vegetables makes them appear to be both a better cook and a better person.
— Brian Wansink, Misturu Shimizu and Adam Brumberg
Food as a Metaphor
In hip hop:
http://www.overthinkingit.com/2011/06/23/food-as-metaphor-in-hip-hop/Gender FoodsPeople, he said, are more likely to eat a food when they associate with it qualities they’d like to see in themselves. So a man who wants to be strong and masculine is more likely to eat a food described as strong and masculine — hence the prevalence in American culture of meat as a manly food. Besides, he said, America has some of the most psychographically segmented advertising in the world — all messages that the food we eat is subconsciously saying something about us. “The reason we can view food as a commercial product is because we’ve never had a major starvation or a food shortage. We’ve always had an abundance of food,”
—Brian Wansink
http://www.salon.com/2010/07/02/food_gendering/Grant Achatz, molecular gastronomist and winner of the James Beard Foundation's award for best chef in the USA in 2008, snorts at the idea of gendered eating. "What is a masculine presentation? Is it a giant chunk of roasted meat? What makes that manly – the caveman connotation?" he says. "Dig into periods of time or age, geographical location, ethnicity and urban versus rural areas and you will find a separation in cooking familiarity and perhaps skill. But that has more to do with society's control over gender in general than the genetic makeup of people."When Yorkie relaunched in 2002, Nestlé's marketing director explained its decision to increase the drive towards men. "We felt that we needed to take a stand for the British bloke and reclaim some things in his life, starting with his chocolate," said Andrew Harrison. "Most men these days feel as if the world is changing around them and it has become less and less politically correct to have anything that is only for males. It used to be that people recognised that men needed places to be, in a simple sense, men. Yorkie feels that this is an important element of men's happiness and is starting the reclaiming process of making a particular chocolate just for men."We're living in a culturally rich time, and are more than able to divide food into categories, including one for 'food that people like me eat'." So, men don't eat steak because they are men, men eat steak to show they are men. Women aren't hard-wired to crave dessert – we've learned that women crave dessert, so we follow, mouths open. "It's comforting," Bell says, "It's reassuring when we make sense of things."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/gender-eating-men-women
Chocolate
http://www.consumer.org.nz/reports/supermarket-sales-tactics/our-advice
http://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago041054.html
http://www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/food-amp-mood
Tamlin Connor:
OBJECTIVES: Prior research has focused on the association between negative affect and eating behaviour, often utilizing laboratory or cross-sectional study designs. These studies have inherent limitations, and the association between positive affect and eating behaviour remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the bidirectional relationships between daily negative and positive affective experiences and food consumption in a naturalistic setting among healthy young adults. DESIGN: Daily diary study across 21 days (microlongitudinal, correlational design). METHODS: A total of 281 young adults with a mean age of 19.9 (±1.2) years completed an Internet-based daily diary for 21 consecutive days. Each day they reported their negative and positive affect, and their consumption of five specific foods. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to test same-day associations between daily affect and food consumption, and next-day (lagged) associations to determine directionality. Moderating effects of BMI and gender were also examined in exploratory analyses. RESULTS: Analyses of same-day within-person associations revealed that on days when young adults experienced greater positive affect, they reported eating more servings of fruit (p = .002) and vegetables (p < .001). Results of lagged analysis showed that fruits and vegetables predicted improvements in positive affect the next day, suggesting that healthy foods were driving affective experiences and not vice versa. Meaningful changes in positive affect were observed with the daily consumption of approximately 7-8 servings of fruit or vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Eating fruit and vegetables may promote emotional well-being among healthy young adults. STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION: What is already known on this subject? Laboratory and cross-sectional studies have found a strong link between experiences of negative affect and food consumption. These studies generally show that people eat more food and less healthy food when experiencing negative affect; however, there is less evidence of this association in a natural setting. Moreover, the association between positive affect and eating remains relatively unexplored. Some studies have found stronger links between negative affect and unhealthy food consumption among women and individuals with higher BMI. Conversely, the foods people eat may influence their affective experiences. Cross-sectional research has shown that a diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower lifetime prevalence of depression and anxiety, but it is not known whether healthy food consumption may also influence affective experiences on a day-to-day basis. What does this study add? Using online daily diaries for three weeks, we found strong relationships between daily positive affect and fruit and vegetable consumption. Lagged analyses showed that fruit and vegetable consumption predicted improvements in positive affect the next day, and not vice versa. Gender and BMI were not major factors in these associations. Fruit and vegetable consumption may promote feelings of well-being among healthy young adults.© 2013 The British Psychological Society.
Fruit & Vege Perception
http://news.health.com/2012/11/30/serving-vegetables-makes-you-more-thoughtful-less-boring/
These two studies show new hedonic and heroic motivations for serving vegetables: (i) they increase the hedonic appeal of the meal and (ii) they increase the heroic appeal of the cook. More vegetables are likely to be served with a meal if preparers know that the addition of vegetables makes them appear to be both a better cook and a better person.
— Brian Wansink, Misturu Shimizu and Adam Brumberg
Food as a Metaphor
In hip hop:
http://www.overthinkingit.com/2011/06/23/food-as-metaphor-in-hip-hop/Gender FoodsPeople, he said, are more likely to eat a food when they associate with it qualities they’d like to see in themselves. So a man who wants to be strong and masculine is more likely to eat a food described as strong and masculine — hence the prevalence in American culture of meat as a manly food. Besides, he said, America has some of the most psychographically segmented advertising in the world — all messages that the food we eat is subconsciously saying something about us. “The reason we can view food as a commercial product is because we’ve never had a major starvation or a food shortage. We’ve always had an abundance of food,”
—Brian Wansink
http://www.salon.com/2010/07/02/food_gendering/Grant Achatz, molecular gastronomist and winner of the James Beard Foundation's award for best chef in the USA in 2008, snorts at the idea of gendered eating. "What is a masculine presentation? Is it a giant chunk of roasted meat? What makes that manly – the caveman connotation?" he says. "Dig into periods of time or age, geographical location, ethnicity and urban versus rural areas and you will find a separation in cooking familiarity and perhaps skill. But that has more to do with society's control over gender in general than the genetic makeup of people."When Yorkie relaunched in 2002, Nestlé's marketing director explained its decision to increase the drive towards men. "We felt that we needed to take a stand for the British bloke and reclaim some things in his life, starting with his chocolate," said Andrew Harrison. "Most men these days feel as if the world is changing around them and it has become less and less politically correct to have anything that is only for males. It used to be that people recognised that men needed places to be, in a simple sense, men. Yorkie feels that this is an important element of men's happiness and is starting the reclaiming process of making a particular chocolate just for men."We're living in a culturally rich time, and are more than able to divide food into categories, including one for 'food that people like me eat'." So, men don't eat steak because they are men, men eat steak to show they are men. Women aren't hard-wired to crave dessert – we've learned that women crave dessert, so we follow, mouths open. "It's comforting," Bell says, "It's reassuring when we make sense of things."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/17/gender-eating-men-women
Chocolate
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